Bibliography
Pipe Material Durability
Selecting pipe materials best suited for service as a storm sewer, culvert,
sanitary sewer, or small bridge replacement is of primary importance to the
design engineer. Most engineers are well acquainted with hydraulic and structural
design criteria, but the effect of product durability on the total cost may
not be clearly understood. This Buried Fact provides the reference material
pertaining to pipe material durability.
Culvert
Inspection
Why should engineers, consultants, and public agencies be concerned with the
inspection of culverts? In the past 20 years, culverts have changed significantly,
new materials are being used, larger spans designed, and thinner gauge metals
specified. The need and importance of culvert inspection can be summed up in
one word: safety. This paper explains the FHWA Culvert Inspection Manual, rating
system, and maintenance rating scale for evaluating any type of buried pipe.
Plastic
Pipe Claims
This publication presents various claims made by the plastic pipe industry,
discusses engineering facts which indicate the claims are not justified, and
evaluates critical properties of plastic pipe which affect performance, durability
and service life.
Extraneous
Flow In Sanitary Sewers -- The Infiltration
Game
Control of extraneous flow in sanitary sewers is a major factor in reducing
treatment costs and the amount of inadequately treated sewage discharged to
receiving waters. The production of a cost-effective and satisfactorily functioning
system can be achieved by utilizing adequate design criteria and assuring the
best quality workmanship and materials.
Structural
Design Considerations
The proper design of sewers and culverts requires consideration of the different,
but interrelated, fields of hydrology, hydraulics, structural behavior, durability,
economics and construction procedures. This Buried Fact reviews the structural
behavior of flexible steel pipe and the development of design criteria and
procedures.
Bid
Evaluation By Least Cost Analysis
Selecting pipe materials best suited for service as a storm sewer, culvert,
sanitary sewer, or small bridge replacement is of primary importance to the
design engineer. On many projects when alternate materials are bid, selection
is too often based on first cost, which may not be the most economical for
the design life of the project. The most economical alternate must be determined
through a least cost analysis.
Hydraulic
Design Considerations -- Concrete Pipe
and Corrugated Metal Pipe
When the various design methods and criteria developed for the different materials
available for sewers and culverts are considered, policy decision procedures
can become complex. Design methods must be based on theories, modified by model
and full-scale testing, and most important, experience. This publication compares
the hydraulic performance of smooth-wall concrete pipe versus rough-wall corrugated
metal pipe.
Culvert
Durability Study -- Review and Implementation
The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) has published a 173-page report
on corrosion and abrasion resistance of various types of pipe and pipe protection
used for culverts in the State of Ohio. This article reviews the Ohio report
and presents a procedure for evaluating service life and life cycle cost analysis
to enable consideration of pipe durability as a design criterion.
Fires
in Sewers and Culverts
The susceptibility of various pipe materials to fires should be considered
when planning storm sewer, sanitary sewer or culvert projects. This publication
presents laboratory test results performed on various pipe materials in accordance
with ANSI/ASTM E84, "Test Methods for Surface Burning Characteristics
of Building Materials."